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Henri-Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville
(1818-1881)
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1
Henri-Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville
Chemist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 11 March, 1818; d. at Boulogne, 1 July, 1881.
Sainte-Claire Deville was the son of a French diplomat. Finishing his classical studies
in Paris, he built himself a laboratory there and worked for eight years without teachers
or students.
He acquired much fame by his work, and in 1844 the government entrusted him with the
organization of the faculty of sciences of Besançon. He was professor and dean there
from 1845 to 1851. In 1851 he was called to Paris as maître des conférences in the
Ecole Normale Supérieure replacing Balard. In 1853 he replaced Dumas in the Sorbonne
and succeeded him as professor in 1859. In 1861 he was made a member of the Academy
of Sciences. His work in mineral chemistry entitles him to be considered one of the
great chemists of the second half of the nineteenth century.
He discovered the phenomenon of dissociation, his first notion of this going back to 1857.
He discovered nitrogen pentoxide, the anhydride of nitric acid. Woehler (1800-1882), the
great German chemist, had discovered aluminum in 1827.
Deville worked on the metallurgy of the metal, and devised a means of preparing it by
decomposing aluminium sodium chloride with metallic sodium.
This was the first commercial process of producing the metal, which was for some
time almost a curiosity, but whose uses are now so extensive. Napoleon III was greatly
interested in the new metal, the "silver of clay". Debray was associated with him in his
work; and it is interesting to see how, after over fifty-six years, the metal has been
introduced on a large scale into mechanical use. In the technical field he worked upon
the use of petroleum and heavy oils as fuels, where he was also a leader in one of the
prominent movements of the present day, the use of crude petroleum as fuel for the
production of steam.
Many of his memoirs are published in the "Comptes rendues" and "Annales". Among his works
we may cite: "De l'aluminium, ses propriétés, sa fabrication" (Paris, 1859);
Métallurgie du platine et des métaux qui l'accompagnent" (Paris, 1863).
Henri-Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville (1818-1881) était un ami de
Jules Verne (1828-1905)
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