From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Enregistr=E9_par_Windows_Internet_Explorer=A07?= Subject: De Hiroshima aux Twin Towers, par John Berger (Le Monde diplomatique) Date: Sat, 31 May 2008 15:53:14 +0200 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0273_01C8C336.6F6BDF90" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.0.6000.16545 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0273_01C8C336.6F6BDF90 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2002/09/BERGER/16842 =EF=BB=BF De = Hiroshima aux Twin Towers, par John Berger (Le Monde = diplomatique)

Archives =E2=80=94 Septembre 2002 =

De Hiroshima aux Twin=20 Towers

Puisque le nombre de victimes civiles innocentes, tu=C3=A9es =C3=A0 = titre=20 =C2=AB collat=C3=A9ral =C2=BB en Afghanistan par les = bombardements am=C3=A9ricains, est=20 d=C3=A9sormais =C3=A9gal au nombre de celles de l=E2=80=99attaque contre = les Twin Towers, il est=20 peut-=C3=AAtre permis de replacer les =C3=A9v=C3=A9nements dans une = perspective plus large,=20 mais nullement moins tragique, et de nous poser une nouvelle = question :=20 tuer d=C3=A9lib=C3=A9r=C3=A9ment, est-ce commettre un mal plus grave ou = plus r=C3=A9pr=C3=A9hensible que=20 tuer aveugl=C3=A9ment et syst=C3=A9matiquement ? (Je dis=20 =C2=AB syst=C3=A9matiquement =C2=BB parce que les Etats-Unis = ont commenc=C3=A9 =C3=A0 mettre en=20 =C5=93uvre cette strat=C3=A9gie arm=C3=A9e =C3=A0 partir de la guerre du = Golfe.) Je ne connais pas=20 la r=C3=A9ponse =C3=A0 cette question. Peut-=C3=AAtre que sur le = terrain, parmi les bombes en=20 grappe lanc=C3=A9es par les B-52 ou dans la fum=C3=A9e suffocante de = Church Street, =C3=A0=20 Manhattan, =C3=A0 ce niveau toute comparaison =C3=A9thique devient = ind=C3=A9cente.

*

Quand, le 11 septembre 2001, =C3=A0 la t=C3=A9l=C3=A9vision, = j=E2=80=99ai vu les vid=C3=A9os, elles m=E2=80=99ont=20 aussit=C3=B4t rappel=C3=A9 le 6 ao=C3=BBt 1945. C=E2=80=99est le = soir de ce jour-l=C3=A0, en effet, que=20 nous autres Europ=C3=A9ens avons appris la nouvelle du bombardement de = Hiroshima.

Ces deux =C3=A9v=C3=A9nements pr=C3=A9sentent d=E2=80=99embl=C3=A9e = des correspondances, au nombre=20 desquelles une boule de feu qui descend sans crier gare dans un ciel = sans=20 nuages, deux attaques minut=C3=A9es pour co=C3=AFncider avec = l=E2=80=99heure o=C3=B9 les civils des=20 villes cibles se rendent le matin =C3=A0 leur travail, o=C3=B9 les = magasins ouvrent, o=C3=B9=20 les enfants sont =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99=C3=A9cole, pr=C3=A9parant leurs = le=C3=A7ons. Une identique r=C3=A9duction en=20 cendre, et des corps lanc=C3=A9s =C3=A0 travers les airs et devenant = d=C3=A9bris. Une m=C3=AAme=20 incr=C3=A9dulit=C3=A9, un m=C3=AAme chaos, provoqu=C3=A9s par une = nouvelle arme de destruction=20 employ=C3=A9e pour la premi=C3=A8re fois - la bombe A il y a soixante = ans, un avion de=20 ligne =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99automne dernier. Partout, =C3=A0 = l=E2=80=99=C3=A9picentre, sur tout et tous, un =C3=A9pais=20 suaire de poussi=C3=A8re.

Les diff=C3=A9rences d=E2=80=99=C3=A9chelle et de contexte sont, bien = entendu, =C3=A9normes. A=20 Manhattan, la poussi=C3=A8re n=E2=80=99=C3=A9tait pas radioactive. En = 1945, cela faisait trois ans=20 que les Etats-Unis menaient une v=C3=A9ritable guerre contre le Japon. = Il n=E2=80=99emp=C3=AAche=20 que les deux attaques ont =C3=A9t=C3=A9 con=C3=A7ues pour servir = d=E2=80=99avertissement.

En voyant l=E2=80=99une ou l=E2=80=99autre, on a su que le monde ne = serait plus jamais le=20 m=C3=AAme : les risques partout inh=C3=A9rents =C3=A0 la vie ont = subi une m=C3=A9tamorphose =C3=A0=20 l=E2=80=99aube d=E2=80=99un jour nouveau et sans nuages.

Les bombes l=C3=A2ch=C3=A9es sur Hiroshima et Nagasaki ont = annonc=C3=A9 que les Etats-Unis=20 =C3=A9taient d=C3=A9sormais la supr=C3=AAme puissance militaire du = monde. L=E2=80=99attaque du=20 11 septembre a annonc=C3=A9 que cette puissance ne jouit plus = d=E2=80=99une=20 invuln=C3=A9rabilit=C3=A9 garantie sur son propre sol. Ces deux = =C3=A9v=C3=A9nements marquent le=20 d=C3=A9but et la fin d=E2=80=99une certaine p=C3=A9riode historique.

*

Les commentaires et les analyses les plus percutants, les plus = angoiss=C3=A9s=20 aussi, de la riposte du pr=C3=A9sident George W. Bush au = 11 septembre - ce qu=E2=80=99il=20 a appel=C3=A9 la =C2=AB guerre contre le = terrorisme =C2=BB, baptis=C3=A9e d=E2=80=99abord=20 =C2=AB Justice infinie =C2=BB et rebaptis=C3=A9e = =C2=AB Libert=C3=A9=20 immuable =C2=BB - ont =C3=A9t=C3=A9 exprim=C3=A9s et = =C3=A9crits par des citoyens des=20 Etats-Unis. L=E2=80=99accusation d=E2=80=99antiam=C3=A9ricanisme = port=C3=A9e contre ceux qui s=E2=80=99opposent=20 formellement aux d=C3=A9cideurs en fonction =C3=A0 Washington est =C3=A0 = aussi courte vue que=20 la politique que nous mettons en cause. Il existe d=E2=80=99innombrables = citoyens des=20 Etats-Unis qui sont anti-am=C3=A9ricains et dont nous sommes = solidaires.

Il existe aussi de nombreux citoyens des Etats-Unis qui soutiennent = la=20 politique du pr=C3=A9sident Bush, y compris ces soixante intellectuels = qui ont=20 r=C3=A9cemment sign=C3=A9 une d=C3=A9claration s=E2=80=99attachant = =C3=A0 d=C3=A9finir ce qu=E2=80=99est une guerre=20 =C2=AB juste =C2=BB en g=C3=A9n=C3=A9ral et pourquoi, = en particulier, l=E2=80=99op=C3=A9ration=20 =C2=AB Libert=C3=A9 immuable =C2=BB en Afghanistan et la = guerre contre le terrorisme=20 sont justifi=C3=A9es (1).

Ils mettent en avant l=E2=80=99argument selon lequel une guerre est=20 =C2=AB juste =C2=BB, ou moralement justifi=C3=A9e, quand elle = a pour but de d=C3=A9fendre=20 les innocents contre le mal. Ils citent saint Augustin. Et ils ajoutent = qu=E2=80=99une=20 telle guerre doit, dans toute la mesure du possible, respecter = l=E2=80=99immunit=C3=A9 des=20 non-combattants.

A lire leur d=C3=A9claration en toute innocence (mais elle = n=E2=80=99a bien entendu pas=20 =C3=A9t=C3=A9 =C3=A9crite spontan=C3=A9ment ni innocemment), ce texte = fait penser =C3=A0 une r=C3=A9union=20 d=E2=80=99experts patients et =C3=A9rudits, s=E2=80=99exprimant =C3=A0 = voix feutr=C3=A9e, ayant =C3=A0 leur=20 disposition une vaste biblioth=C3=A8que (et peut-=C3=AAtre m=C3=AAme une = piscine, entre chaque=20 session de travail) et tout le temps de r=C3=A9fl=C3=A9chir calmement, = de discuter de=20 leurs r=C3=A9serves, pour finir par aboutir =C3=A0 un accord = r=C3=A9sumant leur jugement sur la=20 question.

Il s=E2=80=99en d=C3=A9gage aussi l=E2=80=99id=C3=A9e que cette = r=C3=A9union d=E2=80=99experts s=E2=80=99est d=C3=A9roul=C3=A9e=20 quelque part dans une sorte de mythique h=C3=B4tel 6 =C3=A9toiles = (auquel on ne peut=20 acc=C3=A9der que par h=C3=A9licopt=C3=A8re), situ=C3=A9 dans un parc = spacieux mais aussi entour=C3=A9 de=20 hautes murailles, avec gardes et points de contr=C3=B4le policiers. Un = lieu o=C3=B9 il ne=20 peut y avoir le moindre contact entre ces penseurs et la population = locale, un=20 lieu sans rencontres de hasard. Il en r=C3=A9sulte que ce qui = s=E2=80=99est r=C3=A9ellement pass=C3=A9=20 dans l=E2=80=99histoire et ce qui se passe aujourd=E2=80=99hui = au-del=C3=A0 des murs de l=E2=80=99h=C3=B4tel n=E2=80=99est=20 pas tenu pour donn=C3=A9e l=C3=A9gitime, et n=E2=80=99est donc pas pris = en compte. Ethique pour=20 touristes de luxe, prot=C3=A9g=C3=A9s du monde ext=C3=A9rieur.

*

Revenons =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99=C3=A9t=C3=A9 1945. Soixante-six des plus = grandes villes du Japon ont d=C3=A9j=C3=A0=20 =C3=A9t=C3=A9 d=C3=A9truites par le feu =C3=A0 la suite de bombardements = au napalm. A Tokyo, un=20 million de civils sont sans abri et 100 000 personnes ont = trouv=C3=A9 la mort.=20 Elles ont =C3=A9t=C3=A9, pour reprendre l=E2=80=99expression du = g=C3=A9n=C3=A9ral de division Curtis Lemay,=20 responsable de ces op=C3=A9rations de bombardement par le feu, = =C2=AB grill=C3=A9es,=20 bouillies et cuites =C3=A0 mort =C2=BB. Le fils du = pr=C3=A9sident Franklin Roosevelt,=20 qui =C3=A9tait aussi son confident, avait d=C3=A9clar=C3=A9 que les = bombardements devaient se=20 poursuivre =C2=AB jusqu=E2=80=99=C3=A0 ce que nous ayons = d=C3=A9truit =C3=A0 peu pr=C3=A8s la moiti=C3=A9 de=20 la population civile japonaise =C2=BB. Le 18 juillet, = l=E2=80=99empereur du=20 Japon t=C3=A9l=C3=A9graphie au pr=C3=A9sident Harry S. Truman, = qui avait succ=C3=A9d=C3=A9 =C3=A0=20 Roosevelt, pour demander une fois de plus la paix. On ignore son = message.

Quelques jours avant le bombardement de Hiroshima, le vice-amiral=20 Arthur Radford fanfaronne : =C2=AB Le Japon va finir = par n=E2=80=99=C3=AAtre=20 qu=E2=80=99une nation sans villes - un peuple de = nomades. =C2=BB

La bombe qui a explos=C3=A9 au-dessus d=E2=80=99un h=C3=B4pital au = centre de la ville a tu=C3=A9=20 d=E2=80=99un seul coup 100 000 personnes, dont 95 % de civils. = 100 000=20 autres mourront lentement, par la suite, des effets de = l=E2=80=99irradiation.

=C2=AB Il y a seize heures, annon=C3=A7a le = pr=C3=A9sident Truman, un avion=20 am=C3=A9ricain a l=C3=A2ch=C3=A9 une bombe sur Hiroshima, importante = base militaire=20 japonaise. =C2=BB

Un mois plus tard, le premier reportage non censur=C3=A9 - d=C3=BB au = courageux=20 journaliste australien Wilfred Burchett - d=C3=A9crit les souffrances = indicibles dont=20 il a =C3=A9t=C3=A9 le t=C3=A9moin en visitant un h=C3=B4pital de fortune = install=C3=A9 dans cette=20 ville.

Le g=C3=A9n=C3=A9ral Leslie Groves, alors directeur militaire du = projet Manhattan ayant=20 pour mission de planifier et de produire la bombe, s=E2=80=99empressa de = rassurer les=20 membres du Congr=C3=A8s en leur disant que les radiations ne = provoquaient=20 =C2=AB aucune souffrance excessive =C2=BB et que, = =C2=AB en fait, =C3=A0 ce=20 qu=E2=80=99on dit, c=E2=80=99est une mani=C3=A8re tr=C3=A8s = agr=C3=A9able de mourir =C2=BB.

En 1946, l=E2=80=99enqu=C3=AAte sur les bombardements = strat=C3=A9giques effectu=C3=A9s par les=20 Etats-Unis conclut que =C2=AB le Japon se serait rendu m=C3=AAme = si les bombes=20 atomiques n=E2=80=99avaient pas =C3=A9t=C3=A9 = l=C3=A2ch=C3=A9es =C2=BB.

D=C3=A9crire une suite d=E2=80=99=C3=A9v=C3=A9nements aussi = succinctement que je le fais, c=E2=80=99est bien=20 entendu simplifier =C3=A0 outrance. Le projet Manhattan a =C3=A9t=C3=A9 = lanc=C3=A9 en 1942, au=20 moment o=C3=B9 Hitler triomphait et o=C3=B9 l=E2=80=99on risquait de = voir des chercheurs allemands=20 produire les premiers des armes atomiques. La d=C3=A9cision = am=C3=A9ricaine de l=C3=A2cher deux=20 bombes sur le Japon, au moment o=C3=B9 ce risque n=E2=80=99existait = plus, doit s=E2=80=99appr=C3=A9cier=20 dans le contexte des atrocit=C3=A9s commises par les forces japonaises = =C3=A0 travers=20 l=E2=80=99Asie du Sud-Est et l=E2=80=99attaque surprise contre Pearl = Harbor en d=C3=A9cembre 1941.=20 Des commandants am=C3=A9ricains et certains scientifiques travaillant au = projet=20 Manhattan firent tout leur possible pour dissuader Truman de prendre sa=20 d=C3=A9cision, si lourde de cons=C3=A9quences, ou =C3=A0 tout le moins = pour la retarder.

Et pourtant, en fin de compte, quand tout a =C3=A9t=C3=A9 dit et = fait, il a =C3=A9t=C3=A9=20 impossible de c=C3=A9l=C3=A9brer la reddition sans condition du Japon le = 14 ao=C3=BBt -=20 elle ne l=E2=80=99a d=E2=80=99ailleurs pas =C3=A9t=C3=A9 - comme une = victoire longtemps d=C3=A9sir=C3=A9e. En son=20 centre r=C3=A9gnaient une angoisse et un aveuglement.

*

Cette histoire a pour but de montrer =C3=A0 quel point les soixante = penseurs=20 am=C3=A9ricains, dans leur mythique h=C3=B4tel 6 =C3=A9toiles, sont = =C3=A9trangers m=C3=AAme=20 =C3=A0 la r=C3=A9alit=C3=A9 de leur propre histoire nationale. Elle a = aussi pour but de=20 rappeler que la p=C3=A9riode de supr=C3=A9matie militaire des Etats-Unis = qui a d=C3=A9marr=C3=A9 en=20 1945 a commenc=C3=A9, pour tous ceux situ=C3=A9s en dehors de = l=E2=80=99orbite am=C3=A9ricaine, par une=20 aveuglante d=C3=A9monstration de puissance lointaine, sans piti=C3=A9 = mais pleine=20 d=E2=80=99ignorance. Quand le pr=C3=A9sident Bush se demande : = =C2=AB Pourquoi nous=20 ha=C3=AFssent-ils ? =C2=BB, il devrait m=C3=A9diter ces = faits. Mais comment le=20 ferait-il ? Il est l=E2=80=99un des directeurs de = l=E2=80=99h=C3=B4tel 6 =C3=A9toiles et ne le=20 quitte jamais.

John Berger.

Histoire, Terrorisme, =C3=89tats-Unis=20 (affaires ext=C3=A9rieures)

3D""=20=20 Lien  

John Berger

Romancier, po=C3=A8te, peintre et critique = d=E2=80=99art anglais. Vit et=20 travaille dans un petit village de Haute-Savoie. Ouvrages = r=C3=A9cents :=20 D=E2=80=99ici l=C3=A0, L=E2=80=99Olivier, Paris, 2006, et = Ecrits des blessures, Le=20 Temps des cerises, Pantin, 2007. A obtenu le Booker Prize en 1972.

(Traduction de l=E2=80=99anglais, Michel Fuchs)

(1) Lire la d=C3=A9claration =C2=AB Lettre = d=E2=80=99Am=C3=A9rique, les raisons d=E2=80=99un=20 combat =C2=BB, Le Monde, rubrique = =C2=AB Horizon-d=C3=A9bats =C2=BB, 15=20 f=C3=A9vrier 2002, et Louis Pinto, =C2=AB La = croisade=20 antiterroriste du professeur Walzer =C2=BB, Le Monde = diplomatique,=20 mai 2002.

=C3=89dition = imprim=C3=A9e =E2=80=94 septembre=20 2002 =E2=80=94 Page 32=20
=20 =20 =20
Qui=20 sommes-nous ? - Ours - Abonnements - Boutique - Informatique et = libert=C3=A9s=20 - Logiciels = - Articles = r=C3=A9cents=20
3D"=C2=A9 =


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