From: "Saved by Windows Internet Explorer 7" Subject: =?Windows-1252?Q?Carte_blanche_=E0_..._Charles_Frankel_-_Futura-Sciences.?= =?Windows-1252?Q?com?= Date: Wed, 27 Sep 2006 19:32:14 +0200 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6E26B.A2C33D00" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.0.5600.16384 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6E26B.A2C33D00 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:h8AIAKNqa6wJ:www.futura-sciences.com/comprendre/c/charles_frankel.php+charles+frankel&hl=fr&gl=fr&ct=clnk&cd=1 Carte blanche =E0 ... Charles Frankel - = Futura-Sciences.com
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Charles Frankel
G=E9ologue=20 et =E9crivain

>>=20 Sa biographie     >>=20 Sa d=E9dicace     >>=20 Son m=E9tier     
Les=20 dossiers

Y=20 a-t-il de la vie sur Mars ?

   Astronautique=20 - Publi=E9 le 15 janvier 2004

La vie sur Mars, mythe ou r=E9alit=E9 ? De = l'=E9volution du=20 mythe des petits hommes verts au travers de l'histoire, aux = moyens=20 de recherche de vie sur Mars, en passant par les enjeux, = vous saurez=20 tout gr=E2ce =E0 cette interview exclusive.

En=20 attendant l'homme sur Mars...

   Astronautique=20 - Publi=E9 le 5 janvier 2004

Le voyage sur Mars se pr=E9pare... dans les = coulisses, on=20 s'active d=E9j=E0 : plusieurs sc=E9narios sont mis au point = pour le=20 d=E9barquement d=92un =E9quipage d=92astronautes sur la = plan=E8te rouge.
Biographie

Charles Frankel est n=E9=20 le 15 mars 1956 =E0 Paris, d=92un p=E8re fran=E7ais et = d=92une m=E8re=20 am=E9ricaine.

D=E8s l=92adolescence, il = s=92int=E9resse =E0=20 l=92astronautique ,c=92est la grande =E9poque des missions = Apollo, et=20 construit des fus=E9es =E0 poudre. En 1969, =E0 l=92=E2ge de = 13 ans, il est=20 l=92un des laur=E9ats de l=92Op=E9ration Espace (une = dissertation sur les=20 bienfaits de la conqu=EAte spatiale) et visite les centres = de la Nasa=20 aux Etats-Unis.

Apr=E8s ses =E9tudes secondaires = en France=20 (baccalaur=E9at en math=E9matiques), il suit des =E9tudes = universitaires=20 aux Etats-Unis, d=92abord =E0 Middlebury College dans le = Vermont=20 (1975-79), o=F9 il se sp=E9cialise en g=E9ologie et = tectonique des=20 plaques, puis =E0 l=92universit=E9 de l=92Arizona (1979-80), = o=F9 il aborde la=20 volcanologie et la t=E9l=E9d=E9tection par satellite. Son = plan de carri=E8re=20 consiste =E0 participer =E0 l=92analyse des donn=E9es des = prochaines sondes=20 plan=E9taires en l=92occurrence une cartographie radar de la = plan=E8te=20 V=E9nus puis de postuler au titre de sp=E9cialiste de = mission sur la=20 navette spatiale, alors en cours de d=E9veloppement. En = 1978, il=20 organise avec Albert Ducrocq, =E0 Lyon en France, le premier = rassemblement mondial d=92astronautes et de = cosmonautes.

Le gel=20 sous Ronald Reagan de l=92exploration plan=E9taire et = notamment le=20 report de la sonde v=E9nusienne (qui volera avec pr=E8s de = 10 ans de=20 retard !) l=92incite =E0 revoir ses objectifs.

En = attendant=20 la reprise d=92un programme spatial coh=E9rent, Charles Frankel se=20 tourne vers la vulgarisation scientifique. Apr=E8s un = premier=20 livre sur la g=E9ologie (Quatre Milliards d=92Ann=E9es = d=92Histoire de la=20 Terre, 1980), il apprend la production audiovisuelle =E0 New = York=20 (1982-1988), notamment la production et la r=E9alisation de = films=20 documentaires.

De retour =E0 Paris, il fonde Sirius = Films=20 (1988-1992) et r=E9alise pour France-3 et Arte un = documentaire sur la=20 g=E9ologie, sous la forme d=92une =AB exp=E9dition Apollo = sur Terre =BB =E0=20 laquelle participent deux des astronautes qui ont march=E9 = sur la Lune=20 : Pete Conrad et Harrison Schmitt.

=C0 partir de = 1993, Charles Frankel se=20 tourne vers la r=E9daction d=92ouvrages sur la g=E9ologie et = l=92exploration=20 des plan=E8tes. Il publie Les Volcans du Syst=E8me = Solaire chez=20 Masson (1993), puis en =E9crit une version en anglais pour = Cambridge=20 University Press (1996). Il d=E9fend la th=E8se d=92une = collision=20 d=92ast=E9ro=EFde avec la Terre pour expliquer le massacre = de la=20 biosph=E8re, il y a 65 millions d=92ann=E9es, et publie = La Mort des=20 dinosaures : l=92hypoth=E8se cosmique (Armand Colin, 1996) = qui sera=20 r=E9=E9dit=E9 en livre de poche et repris en langue anglaise = par Cambridge=20 University Press. En 1999, il publie aux Editions du = Seuil La=20 Vie sur Mars qui obtient en France le prix du livre = d=92Astronomie=20 2000.

En 2001, Charles Frankel est=20 s=E9lectionn=E9 par la Mars Society pour une simulation = d=92exp=E9dition=20 martienne dans l=92Arctique, en tant que g=E9ologue aux = c=F4t=E9s du=20 commandant Robert Zubrin.

En novembre 2002, il = participe=20 =E0 une nouvelle simulation martienne, cette fois-ci en tant = que=20 commandant, dans le d=E9sert de l=92Utah. En 2003, membre du = conseil=20 d=92administration de l=92Association Plan=E8te Mars, il est = manager du=20 projet Euromars, qui vise =E0 d=E9ployer une troisi=E8me = station de=20 simulation martienne dans le rift volcanique de Krafla en=20 Islande.

Charles Frankel est=20 membre de la Soci=E9t=E9 G=E9ologique de France ainsi que de = l'Association=20 "Terre et Volcans" http://terreetvolcans.free.fr/ =

D=E9dicace

La science n'est pas = seulement=20 l'affaire des scientifiques: c'est l'affaire de tous. C'est = la=20 d=E9couverte de l'univers, aussi palpitante que la meilleure = des=20 fictions !

C'est pourquoi un site comme = FUTURA-SCIENCES,=20 qui fait le lien entre science et public, est d'une = importance=20 capitale. Bravo, et continuez =E0 nous pr=E9senter, en = termes clairs et=20 passionnants, ce grand "reality show" qu'est la =
d=E9couverte=20 scientifique !

Charles Frankel
g=E9ologue=20 et =E9crivain
D=E9cembre 2003
M=E9tier

La g=E9ologie est un = m=E9tier palpitant=20 qui allie la recherche scientifique et l=92amour du grand = air : on=20 passe beaucoup de temps sur le terrain =E0 arpenter et =E0 = escalader les=20 roches !

Pouvoir concilier la science, le sport = et=20 l=92amour de la nature est assez rare pour =EAtre soulign=E9 = !

Ma sp=E9cialisation est un peu = particuli=E8re. Il s=92agit=20 de la g=E9ologie compar=E9e des plan=E8tes, notamment dans = le domaine du=20 volcanisme.

Cela limite un peu les exp=E9ditions = sur le=20 terrain (on ne m=92a pas encore propos=E9 de mission sur la = Lune ou sur=20 Mars !) et il faut se rabattre sur la t=E9l=E9d=E9tection, = c=92est-=E0-dire=20 sur les photographies et autres donn=E9es r=E9colt=E9es =E0 = distance par les=20 sondes spatiales. Mais c=92est tout aussi grisant, avec le = frisson de=20 d=E9couvrir des endroits totalement inconnus jusqu=92alors ! = Je me=20 rappelle avec =E9motion les premiers volcans martiens,=20 extraordinaires, qui furent r=E9v=E9l=E9s sur les images de = Mariner 9=20 (1971) et que j=92ai eu l=92occasion de contempler, alors = que j=92=E9tais=20 encore au lyc=E9e ! J=92ai =E9galement eu la chance = d=92=E9tudier =E0=20 l=92universit=E9 des roches lunaires au microscope, = rapport=E9es par les=20 astronautes : les cristaux sont d=92une puret=E9 et d=92une = beaut=E9=20 incroyables, puisqu=92il n=92y a pas d=92eau sur la Lune et = que les=20 min=E9raux ne sont pas alt=E9r=E9s.

Superbes = olivines, pyrox=E8nes=20 et feldspaths, qui rayonnent de couleurs comme les vitraux = d=92une=20 cath=E9drale !

Un seul g=E9ologue, =E0 ce jour, = s=92est rendu sur=20 une autre plan=E8te : Harrison Schmitt, qui a march=E9 sur = la Lune lors=20 de la mission Apollo 17. Mais en attendant de rejoindre = Schmitt=20 dans ce cercle tr=E8s ferm=E9, on peut se rabattre sur les = r=E9gions=20 terrestres qui ressemblent le plus aux paysages lunaires et=20 martiens. Et vice-versa.

Avec des surprises = impr=E9vues. En=20 d=E9couvrant autrefois de grandes vall=E9es dans le = Nord-ouest=20 am=E9ricain, creus=E9es dans le basalte, certains = g=E9ologues avaient fait=20 l=92hypoth=E8se que le d=E9versement d=92un immense lac = glaciaire avait=20 creus=E9 le terrain en quelques jours, de fa=E7on tout =E0 = fait=20 catastrophique. =C0 l=92=E9poque, ces g=E9ologues furent = tourn=E9s en=20 d=E9rision.

Mais en d=E9couvrant plus tard de telles = vall=E9es=20 d=92inondation sur Mars, on a compris qu=92ils avaient vu = juste=20 !

Les g=E9ologues plan=E9taires se rendent souvent en = Islande,=20 qui pr=E9sente de fabuleux terrains =AB martiens =BB. = C=92est notamment pour=20 cela que l=92on veut y d=E9ployer notre laboratoire = scientifique=20 Euromars. Il y a l=E0 des rifts et des laves volcaniques, = mais aussi=20 les fameuses vall=E9es d=92inondation creus=E9es dans le = basalte, ainsi=20 que des pseudocrat=E8res form=E9s par le passage de = coul=E9es de=20 lave sur un sol riche en eau (on d=E9couvre justement sur = Mars de=20 telles =AB pustules =BB form=E9es par l=92explosion de la = vapeur d=92eau au=20 passage de la lave, ce qui confirme que le sol martien est = gorg=E9=20 d=92eau).

En Islande, une journ=E9e typique = d=92exploration=20 commence par un briefing avec les sp=E9cialistes du site, = =E0=20 l=92universit=E9 ou dans les labos priv=E9s. Avant de = pr=E9tendre=20 d=E9couvrir quelque chose de nouveau, il faut en effet = absorber le=20 travail fait par les autres et les interroger sur les = questions en=20 suspens, les directions =E0 explorer.

De m=EAme, il = est=20 instructif de rencontrer les sp=E9cialistes sur le terrain, = si=20 l=92occasion se pr=E9sente. C=92est ainsi que mon =E9quipe a = rencontr=E9=20 Alfred McEwen et ses =E9tudiants de l=92universit=E9 de = l=92Arizona, en=20 plein champ de lave, pour les regarder = travailler.

Dans=20 mon cas particulier, je ne fais plus de recherche pure, mais = de la=20 vulgarisation. Je synth=E9tise pour les =E9tudiants et = pour le grand=20 public ce que les sp=E9cialistes d=E9couvrent (en ce moment = je finis un=20 livre sur la volcanologie plan=E9taire pour l=92universit=E9 = de=20 Cambridge). Cela implique de beaucoup lire et =E9couter, = bien s=FBr, et=20 de prendre de nombreuses photographies pour illustrer livres = et=20 articles.

Voil=E0 un m=E9tier qui permet = d=92associer science, art=20 et lettres. On n=92a pas besoin d=92=EAtre matheux ou = chercheur pour=20 s=92int=E9resser aux d=E9couvertes scientifiques : la = science est=20 l=92affaire de tous. Elle fait partie de la=20 culture.
Bibliographie

"Pour en savoir plus: La = Vie sur Mars=20 "

aux Editions du Seuil,

collection Science = Ouverte=20 (1999)"
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function __utmSetVar(v) {=0A= if (!v || v=3D=3D"") return;=0A= if (!_udo || _udo =3D=3D "") {=0A= _udh=3D_uDomain();=0A= if (_udn && _udn!=3D"") { _udo=3D" domain=3D"+_udn+";"; }=0A= }=0A= if (!_uVG()) return;=0A= var r=3DMath.round(Math.random() * 2147483647);=0A= _ubd.cookie=3D"__utmv=3D"+_udh+"."+_uES(v)+"; path=3D"+_utcp+"; = expires=3DSun, 18 Jan 2038 00:00:00 GMT;"+_udo;=0A= var s=3D"&utmt=3Dvar&utmn=3D"+r;=0A= if (_userv=3D=3D0 || _userv=3D=3D2) {=0A= var i=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A= i.src=3D_ugifpath+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s;=0A= i.onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A= }=0A= if (_userv=3D=3D1 || _userv=3D=3D2) {=0A= var i2=3Dnew Image(1,1);=0A= = i2.src=3D_ugifpath2+"?"+"utmwv=3D"+_uwv+s+"&utmac=3D"+_uacct+"&utmcc=3D"+= _uGCS();=0A= i2.onload=3Dfunction() { _uVoid(); }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= function _uGCS() {=0A= var t,c=3D"",dc=3D_ubd.cookie;=0A= if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utma=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") = c+=3D_uES("__utma=3D"+t+";+");=0A= if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmb=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") = c+=3D_uES("__utmb=3D"+t+";+");=0A= if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmc=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") = c+=3D_uES("__utmc=3D"+t+";+");=0A= if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmz=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") = c+=3D_uES("__utmz=3D"+t+";+");=0A= if ((t=3D_uGC(dc,"__utmv=3D"+_udh,";"))!=3D"-") = c+=3D_uES("__utmv=3D"+t+";");=0A= if (c.charAt(c.length-1)=3D=3D"+") c=3Dc.substring(0,c.length-1);=0A= return c;=0A= }=0A= function _uGC(l,n,s) {=0A= if (!l || l=3D=3D"" || !n || n=3D=3D"" || !s || s=3D=3D"") return "-";=0A= var i,i2,i3,c=3D"-";=0A= i=3Dl.indexOf(n);=0A= i3=3Dn.indexOf("=3D")+1;=0A= if (i > -1) {=0A= i2=3Dl.indexOf(s,i); if (i2 < 0) { i2=3Dl.length; }=0A= c=3Dl.substring((i+i3),i2);=0A= }=0A= return c;=0A= }=0A= function _uDomain() {=0A= if (!_udn || _udn=3D=3D"" || _udn=3D=3D"none") { _udn=3D""; return 1; }=0A= if (_udn=3D=3D"auto") {=0A= var d=3D_ubd.domain;=0A= if (d.substring(0,4)=3D=3D"www.") {=0A= d=3Dd.substring(4,d.length);=0A= }=0A= _udn=3Dd;=0A= }=0A= if (_uhash=3D=3D"off") return 1;=0A= return 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s=3Ds.substring(1,s.length);=0A= while ((s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D' ') || = (s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D'\n') || (s.charAt(s.length-1)=3D=3D'\r')) = s=3Ds.substring(0,s.length-1);=0A= return s;=0A= }=0A= function _uEC(s) {=0A= var n=3D"";=0A= if (!s || s=3D=3D"") return "";=0A= for (var i=3D0;i0) r=3Da.substring(i+1,i2); else return = ""; =0A= if ((i=3Da.indexOf(".",i2+1))>0) t=3Da.substring(i2+1,i); else return = ""; =0A= var c=3Dnew = Array('A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','J','K','L','M','N','P','R','S','T'= ,'U','V','W','X','Y','Z','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9');=0A= return = c[r>>28&m]+c[r>>23&m]+c[r>>18&m]+c[r>>13&m]+"-"+c[r>>8&m]+c[r>>3&m]+c[((r= &7)<<2)+(t>>30&3)]+c[t>>25&m]+c[t>>20&m]+"-"+c[t>>15&m]+c[t>>10&m]+c[t>>5= &m]+c[t&m];=0A= }=0A= function _uIN(n) {=0A= if (!n) return false;=0A= for (var i=3D0;i"9") && (c!=3D".")) return false;=0A= }=0A= return true;=0A= }=0A= function _uES(s,u) {=0A= if (typeof(encodeURIComponent) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A= if (u) return encodeURI(s);=0A= else return encodeURIComponent(s);=0A= } else {=0A= return escape(s);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= function _uUES(s) {=0A= if (typeof(decodeURIComponent) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A= return decodeURIComponent(s);=0A= } else {=0A= return unescape(s);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= function _uVG() {=0A= if((_udn.indexOf("www.google.") =3D=3D 0 || _udn.indexOf(".google.") = =3D=3D 0 || _udn.indexOf("google.") =3D=3D 0) && _utcp=3D=3D'/') {=0A= return false;=0A= }=0A= return true;=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6E26B.A2C33D00--